Spironolactone started gaining ground in the late 1950s as a response to a real need: folks dealing with fluid retention and problems related to high levels of the hormone aldosterone had few solid options. Developed by G.D. Searle & Company, it offered the chance to block aldosterone’s effects without the heavy toll that strong diuretics can take on potassium levels. This drug quickly became a crucial option for doctors treating not just heart failure and high blood pressure, but also specific hormonal disorders. Over the decades, it’s been prescribed across the globe and pushed into new roles as research revealed more of what it could handle.
Spironolactone, known by product names such as Aldactone and CaroSpir, stands out for its versatility. It belongs to the group of potassium-sparing diuretics, meaning people using it don’t lose as much potassium as with other water pills. Besides its main use for heart and blood pressure problems, it also manages hormonal imbalances like those from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or acne driven by androgen excess. These broader applications came from sharp-eyed doctors noticing deep links between hormones and spironolactone’s effects.
In physical form, spironolactone appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, often slightly yellow if left exposed to air. It doesn’t dissolve well in water, but it dissolves better in alcohol or chloroform, which factors into how it gets formulated as pills or liquids. The molecular formula is C24H32O4S, and its molecular weight hits 416.6 g/mol. Chemically, spironolactone sits in the steroid family, showing structural touches that allow it to compete with hormones like aldosterone at their binding sites. The substance keeps fairly stable in normal temperature ranges found in pharmacies and hospitals.
Pharmaceutical-grade spironolactone must pass tough purity requirements, with testing for byproducts and degradation. Tablets commonly appear in strengths of 25, 50, or 100 mg. The packaging details not just active content per tablet, but also a list of inactive binders and coloring agents, so regulators and pharmacists can check quality. Labeling must warn users about risks: for instance, spironolactone raises potassium levels, so people with kidney issues need strict medical supervision. Specific technical specification sheets cover melting points, solubility profiles, and recommended storage conditions. Each lot comes with an expiration date based on real stability studies.
Manufacturers produce spironolactone through a series of chemical reactions starting from steroid raw materials. The key steps involve creating a lactone ring and adding a unique thioacetyl group, which is what gives the drug its potassium-sparing properties. These steps use organic solvents and well-controlled reaction temperatures to get high purity and yield. After synthesis, manufacturers purify the product using processes like recrystallization, chromatography, and drying under vacuum. Recent improvements in the process focus on reducing hazardous byproducts, streamlining purification, and cutting down waste in the pharmaceutical supply chain.
Chemists studying spironolactone have explored changes to the lactone ring and the sulfur-containing group to see if new compounds could offer similar or even better results with fewer side effects. Metabolic studies show that the human body turns spironolactone into at least four active substances, including canrenone, which shares much of the biological impact. Scientists have studied modifications to prevent quick breakdown in the liver, aiming for a longer duration in the system or fewer hormonal side effects. These offshoots sometimes make their way into clinical trials or into veterinary medicine, broadening the family of steroidal diuretics.
Beyond its generic label, spironolactone goes by several trade names: Aldactone, CaroSpir, and Spirolacton, among others outside the United States. Research papers often mention its IUPAC chemical name for specificity: 7α-acetylthio-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone. Pharmacists and doctors prefer to stick to brand names or generic names when writing prescriptions, which helps avoid mistakes with similar-sounding drugs from the same steroid family.
Using spironolactone comes with a set of safety rules. The drug can raise potassium levels dangerously if not monitored, especially in people with chronic kidney problems or those using other potassium-sparing drugs. Medical facilities need protocols for dosing in children, seniors, or those with liver or kidney impairment. Handling raw spironolactone powder involves gloves, masks, and fume hoods to avoid inhaling dust. Each batch produced must pass checks for contaminants including heavy metals, microbial count, and related substances defined by regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA. Waste from the manufacturing process requires treatment before disposal, to keep hazardous byproducts out of water supplies.
Doctors turn to spironolactone for several common health problems. As a frontline drug, it aids people with heart failure who hold on to too much fluid. Patients with resistant high blood pressure also use it when other pills don’t bring results. Spironolactone figures strongly in managing hormonal conditions like primary hyperaldosteronism and PCOS. Over the last decade, dermatologists have used it to help women with adult acne when traditional antibiotics offer little help. There’s expanding use as well in treating transgender women for androgen suppression. As more researchers dig into endocrine health, the list of uses continues to grow in unexpected directions.
Researchers remain busy testing new uses for spironolactone. Trials check its value in treating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a stubborn subtype affecting older adults. Some teams explore how it works as an adjunct in treating liver cirrhosis, where fluid retention gets life-threatening. In dermatology, studies compare its acne-busting power to other hormonal agents. Development teams push for new delivery methods: liquid forms for people who can’t swallow pills, or sustained-release options for better hormonal balance. Research also asks hard questions about long-term use, like risks for some rare tumors and sexual side effects, urging doctors to stay alert and keep patients monitored with regular labs.
The margin between a useful dose and a risky one for spironolactone can get thin, especially in older adults or people on certain other medications. Toxicity studies show issues arise most often from too much potassium. Hyperkalemia can trigger fatal heart arrhythmias if left unchecked. Animal studies in high doses raised red flags about potential for hormone-related tumors, pushing regulatory agencies to demand clear warnings and patient information. Long-term use prompts regular kidney function tests, and people with diabetes or significant kidney disease discuss risks thoroughly with medical teams before starting therapy. Severe allergic reactions stay rare, but the medical community tracks and reports unexpected side effects to catch new hazards early.
Looking ahead, spironolactone’s future seems tied to precision medicine. Clinical genetic testing may help pinpoint who would benefit most from this drug and who should use caution. Researchers also ask if tweaking the molecule further might cut down on sex-related side effects, opening up safer use in younger people or folks assigned male at birth. Environmental concerns about pharmaceutical waste push drug makers to adopt greener production lines. In terms of new applications, scientists hunt for fresh ways to modulate hormones for conditions ranging from hair loss to kidney protection in diabetes. As conversations about healthcare access pick up, spironolactone’s low cost stands out—making it more accessible than pricey innovations for heart and hormonal diseases in low-resource settings. Dogs and cats even get a benefit, as veterinarians prescribe spironolactone to manage heart failure and high blood pressure in pets, showing just how far this old standby has traveled beyond its original scope.
Mention spironolactone at the pharmacy, and you might notice a puzzled look. Most people think of water pills only for heart or kidney patients. This drug tells a different story. Doctors have handed out spironolactone for high blood pressure, swelling from fluid retention, hormone-related problems, and even acne. That’s a wide reach for one little tablet.
Spironolactone first showed up in clinics to stop the body from hanging on to salt and water. The trick was, it blocks aldosterone—a hormone that signals the kidneys to keep sodium and lose potassium. Folks with heart failure or liver disease tend to swell up because their bodies hold too much fluid. This can turn a simple stroll around the block into something that feels like running a marathon. With spironolactone, the kidneys let go of extra salt and water, so swelling and blood pressure drop. That change helps people breathe better and feel less tired throughout the day.
Getting older, you see certain medicines pop up more and more. Blood pressure is one area I keep an eye on for myself as well as loved ones. The numbers on the home monitor tell the story—sometimes salt sneaks in from packaged foods, and my aunt’s ankles start swelling. Her cardiologist pointed out spironolactone not just for lowering her pressure, but also helping keep potassium where it belongs.
Eavesdrop at a dermatology office, and spironolactone comes up again—this time, for hormonal acne. High testosterone drives those awful breakouts that so many women battle into adulthood. Spironolactone dulls those hormone signals, cutting down on oil production and taming inflamed skin. I’ve seen close friends try everything for acne, from strict diets to over-the-counter creams, only to find relief with this cheap, old-school medicine.
Then there’s polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition with a grab-bag of hormonal issues: irregular cycles, hair growth in places women don’t want, acne that doesn’t quit. For some patients, spironolactone lessens these symptoms, which improves self-esteem in a way that really matters. A large study out of the UK showed women with PCOS who added spironolactone to their treatment felt more in control of their bodies.
No pill solves everything without consequences. Spironolactone can swing potassium too high, hurt kidneys, or mess with menstrual cycles. Doctors keep a close watch, and bloodwork becomes a regular chore. Those with certain kidney problems or specific drugs on board should steer clear. The risks underline why a doctor’s plan—never a friend’s advice—should guide anything involving spironolactone.
Spironolactone’s not flashy or new, but it keeps earning its place on prescription pads because it makes a difference. Patients and doctors work together to balance its power with its pitfalls. This medicine, when monitored closely, fits into plans for better blood pressure, healthier skin, and relief from hormone-driven issues. Education stands at the center. People deserve to know what their pills do and why they take them. That conversation—clear, honest, and direct—brings better health, no matter which problem needs fixing.
Spironolactone plays a big role in managing high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain hormone-driven conditions like acne or excess hair growth in women. Many people pick it up from the pharmacy after a routine doctor’s visit. Some go to manage swelling, others want better skin—everyone hopes for positive change. The truth is, real people experience real effects, and the expected benefits come with some trade-offs.
For anyone unfamiliar, spironolactone works by getting rid of extra salt and water in the body without dumping out potassium. That’s where the story begins for side effects. From talking with folks and comparing notes, you usually don’t need to wait long before something changes. Frequent trips to the bathroom pop up in conversation first. Diuretics like this can make you feel like you should map your nearest restroom before heading out. With more bathroom stops, staying hydrated shifts from a casual goal to a daily requirement.
Then there’s the potassium issue. Doctors like to order blood tests during those first weeks and months for a reason. Spironolactone can push potassium levels higher, sometimes reaching a danger zone known as hyperkalemia. Too much potassium rarely feels obvious right away, but it can mess up your heart’s rhythm and leave you feeling weak or nauseated. I’ve seen people skip the blood tests because they felt fine and regretted it once they experienced muscle cramps or got a lecture in the ER. Anyone on this medication needs to stick with those labs, not just for the doctor’s benefit.
People often talk about breast tenderness or enlargement, even among men. This ranks high on the “why did no one mention this?” list for anybody starting the drug. In some cases, men might notice swelling or pain and decide spironolactone just isn’t worth the hassle. Women, especially those using it for hormone-driven problems, sometimes feel reassured that other symptoms are getting better, but would rather skip the breast changes.
Another issue: irregular periods for women who haven’t reached menopause. Cycles turn unpredictable, sometimes lighter and other times unexpectedly late. If someone struggles with acne and starts spironolactone, clearer skin may be the goal, but the influence on periods can become an unwanted surprise.
Some mention dizziness or lightheaded feelings after standing up quickly. As blood pressure drops, a little wooziness at work or at the store can make daily routines risky, especially for anyone older. Anyone with a physically demanding job or those prone to falls need to keep this in mind.
Doctors rarely hand out this drug without a plan, but the best safety net comes from clear, honest conversations. Keeping a close eye on lab results, checking in with a professional if symptoms shift, and actually reading the prescription handout work better than ignoring warnings or guessing. People trying to dodge swelling or control blood pressure sometimes forget about salt in foods, so paying attention to what lands on the dinner plate makes a real difference.
Ultimately, success on spironolactone depends on teamwork—with yourself and your healthcare team. Most side effects get managed by simple changes: drinking enough water, cutting back on high-potassium foods like bananas, and sticking with appointments. Throwing away the bottle without talking to a doctor usually causes more trouble than it solves. The side effects show up for a reason, so spotting them early keeps the whole plan on track.
Spironolactone often gets prescribed for hormonal acne, high blood pressure, heart failure, and sometimes for conditions related to too much aldosterone. For people dealing with persistent breakouts or certain health problems, this little pill can seem like a lifesaver. My own path to Spironolactone started after years of baffling skin flare-ups and frustration—not just with the spots, but with the stubborn oily skin and mood swings that came with them.
Doctors usually start Spironolactone low—maybe 25 milligrams—so the body can adjust. It’s tempting to expect miracles overnight, but this drug takes patience. Full effects sneak up over several weeks or months, not days. I remember counting pimples instead of sheep every night, looking for proof it worked, but nothing dramatic changed for almost two months.
It’s best to keep to a steady time daily, which keeps the hormone-blocking action more predictable. I set an alarm, since I’d forget on busy mornings. Miss a dose? Taking it as soon as remembered helps, but I learned not to double up. Overdosing piles on side effects like low blood pressure, dizziness, and weird heartbeats.
Doctors want to see blood tests run regular—especially potassium and kidney function—if you’re on this medicine. Potassium matters because Spironolactone hangs onto it, which can build up if kidneys aren’t clearing things out well. Too much potassium can be deadly. This isn’t a medicine to just grab from a friend or use “off label” without clear instructions. Sharing my pills with someone from my gym once led to her almost fainting. Lesson learned.
Grapefruit and high-potassium foods like bananas, oranges, and avocados need limits. Alcohol also pushes blood pressure lower, sometimes making you dizzy or shaky. Most folks figure out their own trigger foods by trial and error.
Nobody loves swollen breasts, irregular periods, or nagging fatigue, but these show up sometimes. Spironolactone blocks male hormones, so some get tender breasts or even nipple discharge. Men might notice shrinking libido or sexual side effects. If you see anything odd, tell your doctor right away. Don’t tough it out hoping it passes.
The “water pill” side means more peeing—plan for more bathroom trips, especially at night if you take your dose late. I try to keep mine before breakfast.
This drug can hurt developing babies, so anyone capable of becoming pregnant needs solid birth control, not just hope or vague plans. Doctors sometimes ask for regular pregnancy tests, which proves wise judging by stories I’ve heard from the support group I joined online.
Missing periods sometimes tricks people into thinking they’re not “at risk,” but irregular cycles often come from Spironolactone itself. Honest conversations between patients and care teams keep everyone safer.
Long-term success means sharing changes in symptoms, mood shifts, new medications, or supplements. Sometimes one prescription stacks up poorly with others. I kept a journal at first, just to track how my skin, mood, and energy rolled out over the months.
Spironolactone works for a lot of folks, but it isn’t magic and it isn’t one-size-fits-all. Sticking with regular visits, honest answers to your healthcare team, and patience with your progress pays off way more than shortcuts.
Spironolactone originally came out as a treatment for high blood pressure and heart failure. In clinics, doctors learned that it does something interesting for skin conditions, especially stubborn acne that refuses to budge with typical creams or antibiotics. It’s not an antibiotic nor a classic pimple cream—it acts as a hormone blocker, targeting androgens, which are hormones that kick oil glands into overdrive. More oil means more clogged pores, and that creates the perfect storm for breakouts.
Many women walk into dermatology offices frustrated by acne that flares before cycles or sticks around after teenage years. I’ve seen people bounce from one prescription to another—topicals, antibiotics, harsh scrubs—watching their hope dip with each failed routine. For some, the problem comes from hormones, not hygiene or wrong products. Spironolactone steps in here. It tones down the hormonal triggers behind excessive oil, which tends to show most on the jawline, chin, and lower cheeks.
What makes it stand out is how it gives a new option for those seeking something besides isotretinoin (accutane) or long-term antibiotics. In several studies, including large reviews published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, more than half — sometimes up to 80% of women — see a clear improvement after a few months. It’s not a quick fix, but results stick for many, with fewer breakouts and calmer, less inflamed skin. For women especially, it often offers relief without harsh side effects like those from powerful retinoids.
This medication works best for adult women. Men usually don’t get the green light due to potential side effects like breast enlargement. For teenage girls with resistant breakouts, particularly those related to periods, cautious use sometimes comes up. Spironolactone isn’t handed out lightly—doctors check potassium levels and kidney function first, because the drug has effects on salt balance in the blood. Regular labs aren’t just a formality; they help catch rare but real risks.
No medication solves every case. I’ve met people who stopped spironolactone because of side effects like irregular periods, breast tenderness, or dizziness. Rarely, it can push potassium levels up too high, which isn’t something you can see or feel until it gets serious. Pregnancy brings another hard stop—spironolactone is off-limits since it could harm a developing baby.
Younger folks or those hoping for quick fixes from TikTok clips sometimes skip a proper doctor’s visit, ordering pills online or mixing prescriptions after hearing only one side of the story. Rushed decisions cause more trouble than they solve. An expert’s advice ensures safe use, checks for interactions, and brings honest talk about what to expect.
There’s never one answer for all acne. Every skin type, every body chemistry, every daily routine tells a different story. Spironolactone isn’t for everyone, but for those who suffer from stubborn, hormonally driven acne—especially adult women—it opens a new door. Open talk with a healthcare provider, regular monitoring, and patience often lead to better outcomes than chasing trends. Being upfront about your health, goals, and concerns creates a path toward clear skin without the guesswork or disappointment.
Spironolactone can be a game-changer for people dealing with high blood pressure, heart failure, or persistent acne. Long after earning its stripes for controlling fluid retention, it’s now gaining attention as an acne treatment—especially for women struggling with stubborn hormonal breakouts. Yet this prescription pill isn’t a one-size-fits-all fix. There’s a line between who benefits—and who should find another option.
If kidneys aren’t working as they should, spironolactone threatens to do more harm than good. The drug helps the body drop excess fluid, but can build up potassium. Poor kidney function makes it hard to clear out extra potassium, setting up people for dangerous heart rhythm problems. Doctors catch most kidney issues through simple blood tests, but it’s easy to skip that step. I remember sitting beside a friend in her 60s as her doctor stressed the risk. She’d ignored the occasional swelling in her legs, and by the time the nurse called with lab results, she was urged to stop the medication right away—her potassium shot up, no warning.
High potassium readings (hyperkalemia) don’t always trigger symptoms. The heart could still pay the price. Numbness, muscle weakness, and abnormal heartbeats can sneak up. Anyone already on potassium supplements or drugs like ACE-inhibitors faces a double whammy, so combining them with spironolactone demands close monitoring. That means drawing blood more often and sticking to a lower dose, or skipping it altogether.
The adrenal glands produce hormones that help balance fluids and salt. Addison’s disease disrupts that balance, leading to weakness, dehydration, and low blood pressure. Tossing in spironolactone can push sodium levels even lower and put someone in the hospital. Addison’s isn’t common, but it sets a hard “no” for taking this medication.
Women of childbearing age should know about spironolactone’s effect on male sexual development in a fetus. Animal studies raised red flags. Though not every pregnancy ends with clear problems, there’s enough concern for OB-GYNs to steer pregnant women or those planning to get pregnant far away from it.
Spironolactone passes into breast milk in small amounts. The risk for nursing infants isn’t fully settled, so most prescribers either recommend monitoring or switching to a safer alternative. For anyone juggling new motherhood and postpartum skin or blood pressure troubles, it pays to lay everything on the table with the provider.
Lab work stands front and center before starting spironolactone. Asking about kidney numbers, current medications, and medical problems like Addison’s disease makes a difference. Patients should always bring up supplements—prescription or over-the-counter—since potassium-rich foods or pills slip under the radar. Looking for drug-free fixes where possible, like diet tweaks or lifestyle change, frees up spironolactone for those who truly need it.
Spironolactone does a lot of good in the right hands, but it comes with clear red lines. Strong communication between patient and doctor takes center stage. With honest reporting, regular tests, and a clear plan, people can sidestep most trouble. Every medication carries risk—understanding those limits builds true peace of mind.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (7R,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-3-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl (2S)-2-[(1-oxothiolan-3-yl)carbonyl]oxyacetate |
| Other names |
Aldactone
Spiractin Verospiron Aldactazine Carospir |
| Pronunciation | /spaɪˌroʊ.nəˈlæk.toʊn/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 7α-acetylthio-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21,17β-carbolactone |
| Other names |
Aldactone
Verospiron Spiro Spirotone Spirolon Uractone |
| Pronunciation | /spaɪˌroʊ.nəˈlæk.toʊn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 52-01-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 537116 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:9247 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1396 |
| ChemSpider | 2296 |
| DrugBank | DB00421 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.044.193 |
| EC Number | EC 3.6.1.- |
| Gmelin Reference | 120219 |
| KEGG | D00436 |
| MeSH | D004244 |
| PubChem CID | 5833 |
| RTECS number | SY7152000 |
| UNII | 90C2L5449V |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| CAS Number | 52-01-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1206074 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:9247 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1062 |
| ChemSpider | 3878 |
| DrugBank | DB00421 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.011.181 |
| EC Number | 1.14.15.4 |
| Gmelin Reference | 77494 |
| KEGG | D00436 |
| MeSH | D013388 |
| PubChem CID | 5833 |
| RTECS number | SY7850000 |
| UNII | 27O7W4T232 |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C24H32O4S |
| Molar mass | 416.577 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.218 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble in water |
| log P | 2.78 |
| Vapor pressure | 1.7E-10 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 15.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 2.88 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -66.9·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.648 |
| Viscosity | Viscosity: 0.601 mm²/s at 20 °C |
| Dipole moment | 7.15 D |
| Chemical formula | C24H32O4S |
| Molar mass | 416.577 g/mol |
| Appearance | white or almost white crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.12 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log P | 2.78 |
| Vapor pressure | 3.2 x 10^-8 mmHg |
| Acidity (pKa) | 12.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 15.53 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -7.4e-7 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.665 |
| Viscosity | Viscosity: 0.8 - 1.0 mPa·s |
| Dipole moment | 3.25 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 260.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -358.2 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -6694 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 0.601 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -511.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -7747 kJ mol^-1 |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | C03DA01 |
| ATC code | C03DA01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | `GF,O,SP4` |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-0-0 |
| Flash point | 93.5°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 215 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral, rat: 157 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 437 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH | VX8220000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 100 mg daily |
| Main hazards | May cause hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness, and menstrual irregularities. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | Tablet", "Rx", "Oral", "Potassium-sparing Diuretic |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | Hazard statements: "H302: Harmful if swallowed. H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | 140°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 362 °C (684 °F; 635 K) |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat: 157 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Spironolactone: 437 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH | GP8925000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 50–100 mg daily |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not Listed |
Providing high-quality chemical products and logistics solutions for global trade partners.
